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The Industrial Revolution began in the 18h Century in the UK..
The mills were full of women --- and children --- especially the textile mills -- spinning cotton, making thread, cloth for clothes, industrial fabric for tents, sails, and such..
Colonial Williamsburg, Philadelphia, and Boston, among other places in the Colonial America, had many female owned businesses and shops ---- dress makers, seamstresses, commercial seamstresses that totally catered to the military and naval industry with uniforms, flags, banners, and such.
Remember Betsy Ross -- Her family of professional seamstresses was only one of several in town.
Many women were professional bakers and confectioneers.
Women had many professional and even technical roles in family businesses, especially if the family was small.
If the male of the family business was a skilled craftsman, many times it was the female who was the business accountant and bookkeeper and the handler of the merchants. (many successful 'family' businesses employed other craftsmen and non-famly employees)
Weaving, Crocheting, Needleworking, Tatting (lace makers) -- huge businesses almost totally female.
Women traded as merchants of all kinds without her husband's or father's authorization in businesses from dry grades to jewelry to livestock.
It was not unusual to find a female merchant or tradeswoman, literate and in possession of guild membership, married to a lawyer or craftsman.
Many women were mercers (haberdashers), whole-cloth merchants and fish vendors --- half were female.
The academic professionals --- nurses, nursemaids (for elderly individuals), tutors, teachers.
Domestics --- cooks, maids, housekeepers (women who ran household staffs), nannies, governesses.
The job of the professional laundress was huge --- every large household, school, military academy, military unit had a professional laundress or two or three.
A great many innkeepers were female in the 18th century --- bar maids and servers also.
Workers in the Sex Industry -- not simply prostitutes but in professional "gentleman's' clubs and bordellos -- many entertained with musical and singing abilities, full time cooks, laundresses, and service staff were employed right along with the "service girls".. (A town of sufficient size had several of these type establishments employing 10 to 30 females, half of which was purely non-sexual)
A combination of the growth of Colonial America, the rise of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution beginning in the UK, and the Seven Years' War --- western females took a huge step into the professional world in the 18th Century.
18th Century Business Women in Publishing
http://pecancorner.blogspot.com/2011/01/part-two-18th-century-business-women-in.html
http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/708a
Women in the workforce
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce
The Industrial Revolution began in the 18h Century in the UK..
The mills were full of women --- and children --- especially the textile mills -- spinning cotton, making thread, cloth for clothes, industrial fabric for tents, sails, and such..
Colonial Williamsburg, Philadelphia, and Boston, among other places in the Colonial America, had many female owned businesses and shops ---- dress makers, seamstresses, commercial seamstresses that totally catered to the military and naval industry with uniforms, flags, banners, and such.
Remember Betsy Ross -- Her family of professional seamstresses was only one of several in town.
Many women were professional bakers and confectioneers.
Women had many professional and even technical roles in family businesses, especially if the family was small.
If the male of the family business was a skilled craftsman, many times it was the female who was the business accountant and bookkeeper and the handler of the merchants. (many successful 'family' businesses employed other craftsmen and non-famly employees)
Weaving, Crocheting, Needleworking, Tatting (lace makers) -- huge businesses almost totally female.
Women traded as merchants of all kinds without her husband's or father's authorization in businesses from dry grades to jewelry to livestock.
It was not unusual to find a female merchant or tradeswoman, literate and in possession of guild membership, married to a lawyer or craftsman.
Many women were mercers (haberdashers), whole-cloth merchants and fish vendors --- half were female.
The academic professionals --- nurses, nursemaids (for elderly individuals), tutors, teachers.
Domestics --- cooks, maids, housekeepers (women who ran household staffs), nannies, governesses.
The job of the professional laundress was huge --- every large household, school, military academy, military unit had a professional laundress or two or three.
A great many innkeepers were female in the 18th century --- bar maids and servers also.
Workers in the Sex Industry -- not simply prostitutes but in professional "gentleman's' clubs and bordellos -- many entertained with musical and singing abilities, full time cooks, laundresses, and service staff were employed right along with the "service girls".. (A town of sufficient size had several of these type establishments employing 10 to 30 females, half of which was purely non-sexual)
A combination of the growth of Colonial America, the rise of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution beginning in the UK, and the Seven Years' War --- western females took a huge step into the professional world in the 18th Century.
18th Century Business Women in Publishing
http://pecancorner.blogspot.com/2011/01/part-two-18th-century-business-women-in.html
http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/708a
Women in the workforce
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce
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